Some New Recorded Diaporthe
Fungi from Taiwan
Tsay, Jwu-Guh1 and Hsieh,
Wen-Hsui2
1Department of Plant
Protection, National Chia-Yi Institute of Agriculture, Chia-Yi, Taiwan 600,
R.O.C.
2Department of Plant
Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 427, R.O.C.
ABSTRACT
Tsay, J. G., and
Hsieh, W. H. 1993. Some new recorded Diaporthe fungi from Taiwan. J. Chia-Yi
Ins. Agr.(Taiwan, R.O.C.) 34: 81-92.
Altogether
thirty-seven specimens belong to Diaporthe were collected from July,
1990 to December, 1991. Six Diaporthe fungi new records from Taiwan are
described. These are Diaporthe arctii (Lasch) Nitschke, D. conorum
(Desmazieres) Niessl, D. eres Nitschke, D. nomurai Hara, D. pustulata
(Desmazieres) Saccardo, and D. spiculosa (Albertini et
Schweinitz) Nitschke.
(Key words: Diaprothe,
Taiwan)
INTRODUCTION
The Diaporthaceae
form their perithecia immersed in a stroma with only their long beaks
protruding. The ascus has an apical refractive ring. The ascospores are hyaline
and two-celled. The largest genus in this family is Diaporthe. There are
a direct correlation between ascigerous and conidial stages. The imperfect
stage of Diaporthe species all belong to the form-genus Phomopsis (1).
According to the
List of Plant Diseases in Taiwan(2), Diaporthe citri, D. pomigena,
D. vexans and 12 species of Phomopsis were recorded in Taiwan.
Two monographs of Diaporthe had been published in other countries(2,4).
The purpose of this study deals with the general survey of Diaporthe in
Taiwan. The delimited works are based on the Kobayashi(2) and Wehmeyer(4).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials were
collected from various location in Taiwan from July, 1990 to December,
1991(Table 1). All collections were made with the dead twigs by keeping them in
paper bags at room temperature. Measurements of conidia, perithecia, asci, and
ascospores were made over twenty replications as possible for the fungus on
twig. All specimens were drawed under 150 X and 600 X magnification of Olympus
microscope with the aid of micrometer and Olympus drawing tube. Herbarium
packets were labeled with host species, fungal species, collector, collection
date, collection area. All specimens collected have been deposited at the
mycology laboratory of Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing
University.
DESCRIPTIONS
1.Diaporthe arctii
(Lasch) Nitschke, Pyren. Germ. 268, 1868--(Fig. 1)--Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 1:
653, 1882; Winter, Rabh. Kryptgfl. Ⅰ, 2: 606, 1887; Wehmeyer,
Univ. Michig. Stud. Sci. Ser. 6: 22, 1933; Munk, Dsk. Bot. Ark. 15(2): 87,
1953; 17(1): 275, 1957; Gilman et al., Ia. St. Coll. Jour. Sci. 33: 345, 1959;
Dennis, Brit. cup fungi, 192, 1960.
Pustules on bark of dead stem, scattered,
black, ruptured epiderm exposing black tip of necks. Perithecia embedded within
bark or partly in wood, one or rarely two in a pustule, without distinct
stroma, globular, 450 - 500 μm in diam., with neck at the top. Blackened zone
effused within wood. Neck cyclindric, solitary erumpent through bark tissue.
Asci clavate or cyclindric- clavate, furnished apical ring at thickened tip, 40
- 44 X 4 - 8 μm in size and 42.4 X 5.8 μm in average, 8-spored, loosed
irregularly biseriate, elliptic, narrowly rounded at the ends, straight or
inaequilateral, 2-celled, only slightly constricted at the septum in full
maturity, hyaline, 8 - 14 X 2 - 4 μm in size and 11.2 X 2.3 μm in average.
Two types of conidia are produced; one of
which is called alpha conidium or α-spore, and is elliptic,
unicellular, hyaline, granular, 6 - 10 X 2 μm in size and 6.5 X 2 μm in average, the other beta
conidium or β-spore is filiform or acicular, straight
orhooked, hyaline, unicellular, 16 - 32 X 1 - 2 μm in size and 22.6 X 1.1 μm in
average.
Habitat: On Artemisia
capillaris Thunb.(茵蔯蒿), D-28, Anmaashan, Taichung (臺中縣鞍馬山), Oct. 2, 1990; Aster taiwanensis
Kitamura (臺灣馬蘭), D-36, Anmaashan, Taichung (臺中縣鞍馬山), Oct. 1, 1990; Blumea riparia
(Blume) DC. var. megacephala (大頭艾納香), D-2, Takeng, Taichung(臺中縣大坑), Jul. 4, 1990; Erigeron canadensis
L. (加拿大蓬),
D-1, Takeng, Taichung (臺中縣大坑), Jul. 4, 1990; Eupatorium formosanum
Hayata (臺灣澤蘭),
D-29, Anmaashan, Taichung(臺中縣鞍馬山), Oct. 2, 1990.
Distribution: Asia
(Japan, Taiwan), Europe and north America.
2.Diaporthe conorum
(Desmazieres) Niessl, Hedwigia 15: 2, 1867--(Fig. 2)--Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 1:
647, 1882; Kobayashi, Bull. Gov. For. Exp. Sta. 107: 22, 1958.
Pustules on bark
of dead stems and twigs, small, 0.5 - 1 mm in diam., only slightly elevated by
the tip of necks, sometimes hardly visible to the naked eye. Perithecia single
or in small group, embedded within bark tissue and sometime partly in wood,
often beneath decomposed pycnidial stroma, globular or depressed at the bottom,
300 - 650 μm in diam., with neck at the top; wall of perithecia composed of
slightly flattened, dark, thick-walled cells, innermost cells being hyaline,
thin-walled and strongly flattened. Necks cyclindric, slender, collectively
erumpent through bark epiderm or pycnidial stroma, 250 - 750 μm in length, penetrated by a
pore; periphyses present but hardly visible. Blackened zone usually present
within bark and wood. Asci clavate or cyclindric-clavate, furnished apical ring
at thickened tip, 38 - 48 X 5 - 7.5 μm in size and 39.5 X 5.4 μm in average, 8-spored, loosed
irregularly in perithecium. Ascospores irregularly biseriate, elliptic to
fusoid, narrowly rounded at the ends, hyaline, 2-celled, straight or
inaequilateral, usually not constricted but slightly constricted at septum when
fully matured, 7.5 - 12.5 X 2.5 - 3.8 μm in size and 10.1 X 2.8 μm in average.
Habitat: On Pinus
morrisonicola Hayata (臺灣五葉松), D-26, Anmaashan, Taichung (臺中縣鞍馬山), Oct. 2, 1990; Tsuga chinensis
(Franchet) Pritz. ex Diels var. formosan
(Hayata) Li & Keng (臺灣鐵杉), D-32, Anmaashan, Taichung (臺中縣鞍馬山), Oct. 2, 1990.
Distribution: Asia
(Japan, Taiwan), Europe and north America.
3.Diaporthe eres
Nitschke, Pyren. Germ. 245, 1867--(Fig. 3)--Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 1: 631, 1882;
Winter, Rabh. Kryptgfl. Ⅰ, 2: 620, 1887; Wehmeyer, Univ. Michig.
Stud. Sci. Ser. 9: 43, 1933; Munk, Dsk. Bot. Ark. 17(1): 268, 1957; Kobayashi
& Ito, Bull. Gov. For. Exp. Sta. 103: 66, 1957; Gilman et al., Ia. St.
Coll. Jour. Sci. 33: 346, 1959; Dennis, Brit. cup fungi, 192, 1960; Muller
& Arx, Beit. Kryptgfl. Schw. 11(2): 761, 1962.
Perithecia singly
or in small group, embedded within bark tissue and partly in wood, often
beneath the decomposed pycnidial stroma, globular or
flattened at the
bottom, 200 - 450 μm in diam., with neck at the top; wall composed of
flattened, dark, thick-walled cells, innermost cells being strongly flattened,
hyaline and thin-walled. Necks cyclindric , black, 180 - 820 μm in length,
singly or collectively erumpent through bark periderm or decomposed pycnidial
stroma, penetrated by a pore furnishing hyaline periphyses. Blackened zone
present within bark and wood, thin, enveloping several perithecial pustules.
Asci clavate or cyclindric-clavate, with apical ring in the thickened tip, 31.3
- 65 X 3.8 - 6 μm in size and 52.5 X 4.8 μm in average, 8-spored, loosed
irregularly in perithecium. Ascospores irregularly biseriate, elliptic to
fusoid, straight or inaequilateral, narrowly rounded toward the ends, hyaline,
2-celled, slightly constricted at the septum in full maturity, 8 - 13.8 X 2.3 -
3.8 μm in size and 10.8 X 3 μm in average.
Two types of
conidia are produced acrogeneously on the conidiophores, one is the socalled
alpha conidium or α-spore, and is elliptic to fusoid,
unicellular,
hyaline, 5.8 - 9.5 X 2.5 - 4.8 μm in size and 7.6 X 3.6 μm in average; the
other beta conidium or β-spore is filiform or acicular, straight
or hooked, unicellular, hyaline, 30 - 48.8 X 0.8 - 2.5 μm in size and 40.3 X
1.6 μm in average.
Habitat: On Bauhinia variegata
L. (羊蹄甲),
D79-1, Chiayi (嘉義市), Oct. 29, 1990; Euphorbia pulcherrima
Willd. ex Klotzsch (聖誕紅), D-16, Kukuan, Taichung (臺中縣谷關), Jul. 17, 1990; Macaranga
tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. (血桐), D-4, Takeng, Taichung (臺中縣大坑), Jul. 4, 1990; Mallotus japonicus
(Thunb.) Muell.-Arg. (野桐), D-3, Takeng, Taichung (臺中縣大坑), Jul. 4, 1990; Manihot esculenta
Crantz. (樹薯), D-7, Takeng, Taichung (臺中縣大坑), Jul. 4, 1990; Sapium discolor
Muell.-Arg.(白臼), D-22, Hueysuen forest (惠蓀林場), Jul. 25, 1990; Douralis hebecarpa
Warb.(錫蘭醋栗),
D-23, Chiayi(嘉義市), Jul. 31, 1990; Litsea acuminata
(Blume) Kurata (南投黃肉楠), D80-1, Lalasan, Taoyuan (桃園縣拉拉山), Apr. 5, 1991; Persea zuihoensis
(Hayata) Li (香楠), D80-4, Lalasan, Taoyuan (桃園縣拉拉山), Apr. 5, 1991; Litsea cubeba
(Lour.) Persoon (山胡椒), D80-8, Hueysuen forest (惠蓀林場), Jun. 2, 1991; Erythrina crista-galli
L. (雞冠刺桐),
D-9, Chunghsing new village (中興新村), Jul. 6, 1990; Sesbania roxburghii
Merr. (田菁),
D-13, Chiayi (嘉義市), Jul. 8, 1990; Psidium guajava
L. (番石榴),
D-8, Taichung(臺中市), Jul. 8, 1990; Averrhoa carambola
L. (楊桃),
D-15, Jwolan, Miaulih (苗栗卓蘭), Jul. 11, 1990; Passiflora edulis
Sims. (百香果),
D-33, Anmaashan, Taichung (臺中縣鞍馬山), Oct. 1, 1990; Eriobotrya japonica
Lindl.(枇杷),
D-14, Chunghsingliing, Taichung (臺中中興嶺), Jul. 11, 1990; Rubus trianthus
Tocke (苦鉤懸子),
D-38, Anmaashan, Taichung (臺中縣鞍馬山), Oct. 2, 1990; Euphoria longana
Lam. (龍眼),
D-24, Chiayi (嘉義市), Jul. 31, 1990; Paulownia fortunei
Hemsl. (泡桐),
D80-7, Hueysuen forest (惠蓀林場), Jun. 2, 1991; Smilax china L. (菝契), D-46, Kukuan, Taichung (臺中縣谷關), Jul. 17, 1990; Camellia sinensis
(L.) Ktze.(茶), D-43, Alishan, Chiayi (嘉義縣阿里山), Oct. 9, 1990; Eurya japonica
Thunb. (柃木),
D80-2, Lalasan, Taoyuan (桃園縣拉拉山), Apr. 5, 1991; Trema orientalis
(L.) Blume (山黃麻), D-17, Kukuan, Taichung (臺中縣谷關), Jul. 18, 1990.
Distribution: Asia
(Japan, Taiwan), Europe and north America.
4. Diaporthe nomurai
Hara, Diseases of cultivated plants p. 140, 1925--(Fig. 4).
Pustules on bark
of dead stem or twig, scattered, 0.5 - 1 mm in diam., perithecia embedded
within bark tissue in small group, globular or depressed at the bottom, 380 -
650 μm in diam., with long neck at the top. Necks cyclindric, 200 - 320 μm in
length, collectively erumpent forming small black disk-like pustules,
penetrated by a pore furnishing numerous hyaline periphyses. Blackened zone
present within bark and wood, enveloping several perithecial pustules. Asci
clavate to cyclindric-clavate, 32 - 40 X 6 – 8 μm in size and 35.2 X 6.4 μm in
average, furnished apical ring at thickened tip, 8-spored, loosed irregularly
in perithecium. Ascospores irregularly biseriate, oblong-elliptic to fusoid,
rounded at the ends, hyaline, straight or inaequilateral, 2-celled, 8 - 14 X 2
- 4 μm in size and 9.6 X 2.5 μm in average.
Habitat: On Boehmeria
frutescens Thunb. (青苧麻), D-19, Kukuan, Taichung(臺中縣谷關), Jul. 17, 1990; Debregeasia
edulis (Sieb.& Zucc.) Wedd. (水麻), D-31, Anmaashan, Taichung (臺中縣鞍馬山), Oct. 1, 1990; Morus australis
Poir.(桑),
D-20, Takeng, Taichung (臺中縣大坑), Jul. 19, 1990.
Distribution: Asia
(Japan, Korea, and Taiwan).
5.Diaporthe pustulata
(Desmazieres) Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 1: 610, 1882--(Fig. 5)--Winter, Rabh.
Kryptgfl. Ⅰ, 2: 657, 1887; Wehmeyer, Univ. Michig. Stud.
Sci. Ser. 9: 153, 1933.
Pustules on bark of dead branches, 1 - 2
mm in diam., scattered, elevated conic to truncate conic ruptures, broken
through bark epiderm as angular rupture forming gray to black disc with
convergent necks and ectostroma surrounding necks. Perithecia clustered and
embedded within bark, globular or depressed at the bottom, 200 - 480 μm in diam., with neck at the
top, surrounded by loosed entostromatic hyphae twisting decomposed tissue of substrata.
Neck cyclindric, collectively erumpent through periderm or decomposed pycnidial
stroma, 520 - 720 μm in length, penetrated by a pore furnishing hyaline
periphyses. Blackened zone distinctly present within bark and wood, enveloping
several perithecial pustules. Asci clavate to cylindric-clavate, with thin
membrane, furnished apical ring at thickened tip, 31 – 40 X 5 - 6.3 μm in size
and 37.1 X 5.8 μm in average, 8-spored, loosed irregularly in perithecium.
Ascospores irregularly biseriate, elliptic to fusoid, straight or
inaequilateral, 2-celled, only slightly constricted at full maturity, hyaline,
7.5 - 4.3 X 2.5 μm in size and 9.4 X 2.5 μm in average.
Habitat: On Acer
morrisonense Hayata (臺灣紅榨戚), D-27, Anmaashan, Taichung (臺中縣鞍馬山), Oct. 2, 1990.
Distribution: Asia
(Japan, Taiwan) and Europe.
6. Diaporthe spiculosa
(Albertini et Schweinitz) Nitschke, Pyren. Germ. 256, 1867--(Fig. 6)--Saccardo,
Syll. Fung. 1: 633, 1882; Winter, Rabh. Kryptgfl. Ⅰ, 2: 615, 1887; Ellis &
Everhart, N. Amer. Pyren. 447, 1892; Wehmeyer, Univ. Michig. Stud. Sci. Ser. 9:
110, 1933.
Pustules on bark of dead twigs;
perithecia gregarious, embedded within bark tissue, globular or depressed at
the bottom, 380 - 560 μm in diam., with long neck at the top; wall
membranaceous, composed of angular to slightly flattened, dark, thick-walled
cells, innermost cells being hyaline, thin-walled and strongly depressed. Necks
cyclindric, 530 - 640 μm in length, collectively erumpent through bark
periderm, first surrounded by scanty ectostromatic tissue and blackish rupture
formed at the bark surface, then surrounding stromatic tissue being collapsed,
blackened necks ultimately remain. Dorsal zone present but ventral zone absent.
Asci clavate to cyclindric-clavate, furnished apical ring at the thickened tip,
36 - 54 X 6 - 10 μm in size and 46 X 8.8 μm in average, 8-spored, loosed
irregularly in perithecium. Ascospores irregularly biseriate, fusoid to
oblong-elliptic, 2-celled, usually not constricted at the septum, hyaline, 8 -
14 X 2 - 4 μm in size and 10.8 X 2.4 μm in average.
Habitat: On Rhus
succedanea L. (山漆), D-6, Alishan, Chiayi (嘉義縣阿里山), Apr. 3, 1990.
Distribution: Asia
(Japan, Taiwan), Europe and north America.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Grateful thanks are due to Miss T. M.
Chen and Y. C. Su for technical assistance. The project was supported by the
National Science Council, R.O.C. (Grant No. NSC 80-0409-B021-02 & NSC
81-0409-B021-504).
LITERATURE CITED
1.Alexopoulos, C.
J., and Mins, C. W. 1979. Introductory Mycology 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons,
Toronto, 632pp.
2.Kobayashi, T.
1970. Taxonomic studies of Japanese Diaporthaceae with special reference to their
lifecycle. Bull. Frost Exp. Sta. 226: 1 - 242.
3.The Plant
Protection Society of Republic of China. 1979. List of Plant Diseases in
Taiwan. 404pp.
4.Wehmeyer, L. E.
1933. The genus Diaporthe Nitschke and its segregates. Univ. Michig.
Stud. Sci. Ser. 9, 349pp.
臺灣產間座殼屬的新記錄種
蔡竹固1 謝文瑞2
1嘉義市國立嘉義農業專科學校植物保護科
2臺中市國立中興大學植物病理學系
摘 要
本研究調查臺灣各樹種枯枝上是否含有Diaporthe, 各樹種標本攜回實驗室內, 調查子實體各部位性狀及大小, 並以單孢分離法, 在人工培養基上觀察其無性世代特性。在1990年 7月至1991年12月間, 收集37種植物枯枝上含有Diaporthe的樣品, 參照前人研究, 鑑定有 6種, 即Diaporthe arctii (Lasch) Nitschke、D. conorum (Desmazieres) Niessl、D. eres Nitschke、D. nomurai Hara、D. pustulata (Desmazieres) Saccardo及D. spiculosa (Albertini et Schweinitz) Nitschke。
(關鍵字: 間座殼屬、臺灣)
Table 1. Date of
collection and place where collection were made
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of collection
Places where
collections were made
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
7/ 4/ 1990 Takeng,
Taichung(臺中縣大坑)
7/ 6/ 1990 Chunghsing
new village(中興新村)
7/ 7 - 8/ 1990 Chiayi(嘉義市)
7/ 11/ 1990
Chunghsingliing, Taichung(臺中中興嶺)
Jwolan, Miaulih(苗栗卓蘭)
7/17 -18/ 1990 Kukuan, Taichung(臺中縣谷關)
7/ 19/ 1990 Takeng,
Taichung(臺中縣大坑)
7/ 20/ 1990 Chiayi(嘉義市)
7/ 25/ 1990 Hueysuen
forest(惠蓀林場)
7/ 31/ 1990 Chiayi(嘉義市)
8/ 2 - 3/ 1990 Anmaashan,
Taichung(臺中縣鞍馬山)
Dongshyh,
Taichung(臺中縣東勢)
8/ 8 - 9/ 1990 Alishan,
Chiayi(嘉義縣阿里山)
8/ 29/ 1990 Chiayi(嘉義市)
4/ 4 - 5/ 1991 Lalasan,
Taoyuan(桃園縣拉拉山)
6/ 1 - 2/ 1991 Hueysuen
forest(惠蓀林場)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.
Characteristics used for Diaporthe description
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Item Chracteristics
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Substrate Host,
Part,
Lesion Pustulate (yes/no)
Stroma Blackened zone (with/without)
Perithecium Solitarily/Group, Shape, Wall
Ascocarp beak Protrude(yes/no), Size
Ascorp body Size
Ascus Size,
Shape, Ascospore number
Ascospore Appendage(with/without), Size, Shape
α
spore Size, Shape
β
spore Size, Shape
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fig. 1. Diaporthe
arctii (Lasch) Nitschke.
A: Asci (bar: 20 μm),
B: Ascospores (bar: 20 μm), C: Perithecium on Erigeron canadensis L. (bar:
500 μm)
Fig. 2. Diaporthe
conorum (Desmazieres) Niessl.
A: Asci (bar: 20 μm),
B: Ascospores (bar: 20 μm), C: Perithecium on Pinus morrisonicola Hayata
(bar: 500 μm)
Fig. 3. Diaporthe
eres Nitschke.
A: Asci (bar: 20 μm),
B: Ascospores (bar: 20 μm), C: Perithecium on Litsea acuminata (Blume)
Kurata (bar: 500 μm), D: Beta conidia (bar: 20 μm)
Fig. 4. Diaporthe
nomurai Hara
A: Asci (bar: 20 μm),
B: Ascospores (bar: 20 μm), C: Perithecium on Boehmeria frutescens
Thunb. (bar: 500 μm)
Fig. 5. Diaporthe
pustulata (Desmazieres) Saccardo.
A: Asci (bar: 20 μm)
B: Ascospores (bar: 20 μm), C: Perithecium on Acer morrisonense Hayata (bar:
500 μm)
Fig. 6. Diaporthe
spiculosa (Albertini et Schweinitz) Nitschke.
A: Asci (bar: 20 μm),B:
Ascospores (bar: 20 μm), C: Perithecium on Rhus succedanea L. (bar: 500 μm)